Anthem Diplomacy in Brazil: The New York Philharmonic’s 1958 Latin America Tour This dissertation examines the network of Brazilian politicians and concert organizers who exercised unprecedented control over the New York Philharmonic’s 1958 Cold War cultural diplomacy concerts in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. It intervenes in U.S.- Soviet competition narratives to provide a case study of how Brazil performed modernity during the coincidence of controversial Brazil-U.S. trade relations and the Philharmonic’s visit. The Brazil-subsidized concert at Maracanãzinho sports stadium, with 18,000 spectators and top diplomats in attendance, saw an unprecedented exchange of national anthems by an American and Brazilian conductor, performing international goodwill that was broadcast across Brazilian radio and television.